Politics Research Guide

Brings together 25.000 variables across nearly all countries from the early 1700s to the present in a variety of thematic areas from various partner projects. Data can be output to a common unit of analysis (DEMSCORE Country-Year) facilitating consistent comparison across datasets. Allows for the creation of customized data sets with a tailored codebook and unique, persistent download ID, facilitating replicability. Data in R, .csv, or Stata.

Merges together 80+ of the most commonly used datasets in comparative and international political economy (including several listed on this page) into a uniform country-year format with consistent country codes. Variables cover democracy/regime type, parties and governments, development and economic indicators, and some social/cultural measures. Users can download as many or as few of the 885 variables from these datasets as needed. Data exports to .csv with Stata or R labels.

Provides country profiles that cover key country facts, government and political history, current issues, political parties and organizations, legislatures and cabinets, and communications and media. Also profiles major international organizations. You can browse by regime type, party system, and electoral system, in addition to by country.

A year-by-year record of British and world events, published annually since 1758. Opens with the history of Britain, then a section on foreign history covering each country or region in turn. Following these are the chronicle of events, brief retrospectives on the year’s cultural and economic developments, a short selection of documents, and obituaries of eminent persons who died in the year.

Covers all the countries of the world with which the United States has relations. Each report contains info on bilateral relations with the U.S., travel, and business. There are also additional useful links, including a link to the CIA World Factbook entry for each country. These reports are updated periodically.

Links to official government sites, courtesy of Northwestern University.

Aggregates information from major secondary sources to code the timing and extent of European imperial colonization on all contemporary nation states. In addition to dummy variables for colonization by each of the major European powers, data include mean aggregates of start and end dates from the sources as well as the latest start/end dates from the underlying sources.

An open-source dataset of over 1600 political entities "sampled at varying timesteps and spatial scales" 3400BCE to 2024CE. Dataset is a geoJSON file with information on the temporal and spatial extent of each polity. For more details, see the accompanying article: Bennett, J.S., Mutch, E., Tollefson, A. et al. "Cliopatria - A geospatial database of world-wide political entities from 3400BCE to 2024CE." Sci Data 12, 247 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9.

A collaboration among more than 50 scholars worldwide and drawing on 3000 Country Experts, V-Dem provides multiple indices of democracy grouped according to 7 high-level Principles of Democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, majoritarian, consensual, deliberative, and egalitarian. Provides 5 high-level indices, 47 mid-level indices, and 450 individual indicators. Covers all countries (and some dependent territories) from 1900 to the present (91 countries back to 1789) and provides an estimate of measurement reliability for each rating. Data in multiple formats.

Provides a yearly regime classification, 1800-2019, for all countries that have been independent at any point in time since WWII. Democracies are split between republics and constitutional monarchies. Republics are sub-classified as presidential, semi-presidential, and parliamentary systems, while monarchies have are categorized as either parliamentary or semi-monarchies. The broad autocratic groupings are: absolute monarchy, military rule, party-based rule, personalist rule, and oligarchy, with party-based and oligarchic regimes being further categorized. Data in .csv.

Well-known and highly respected Polity data series, originally designed by Ted Robert Gurr. Polity IV contains coded annual information on regime characteristics for all independent states (with greater than 500,000 total population) in the global state system and covers the years 1800+.

Freedom House's popular dataset, which ranks each country in the world annually on how free it is. Countries are ranked on a 1 to 7 scale (1 being most free) on 25 separate measures of political rights and civil liberties (including media freedom), and then given a designation as "free," "partly free," or "not free." Rankings in Excel, 1973+, with data on 7 subcategories from 2006+. See also their Freedom of the Press data 1979-2017.

Measures the quality of democracy based on a concept of democracy embracing liberal as well as participatory ideas. Covers 50+ countries, 1990-2017, utilizing nearly 100 indicators in nine areas: individual liberties, rule of law, public sphere, competition, mutual constraints, governmental capability, transparency, participation and representation. Data in csv and Excel.

Simple dichotomous coding of democracy, where a democratic country is one that satisfies conditions for both contestation and participation. 1800-2010.

Classification of political regimes as democracy or dictatorship. Classification of democracies as parliamentary, semi-presidential (mixed) and presidential. Classification of dictatorships as military, civilian and royal. Coverage: 202 countries, from 1946 or year of independence to 2008. Data in Stata and Excel.

Geddes, Wright, and Frantz dataset focused on providing a detailed typology of autocratic regimes, their duration, and failure, 1946-2010. Also includes data coding democracies and non-autocracies for comparative research. Data in Stata, .txt, and Excel formats.

Identifies cases of potential democratic erosion based on data from the V-Dem project and then classifies events of democratic erosion and resistance to erosion. Erosion events are coded as either precursors (including threats to vertical and horizontal accountability, economic shocks, security events) or symptoms (including reductions in vertical and/or horizontal accountability or changes in societal norms). Data in Excel; covers 92 countries from 2000-2018; approx. 1800 events.

"This data collection consists of a compiled database that assesses 187 (20 historical and 167 contemporary) sovereign countries from 1800-2005." It compiles data from several sources, including Polity III, Polity IV, Freedom House, and World Development Indicators.

Includes vote and seat share data on 3467 parliamentary political parties across 3151 elections in 178 countries during the period 1900–2019. For 1970–2019, it also includes expert assessments (usually at least 4 coders per observation) of party organization and identity for most parties in most countries. Incorporates identifier variables from, and merges, with the Party Facts dataset. Data in multiple formats. See Elections Global Dataset: 1880-2015 for a version that codes additional small countries.

Survey of experts that estimates party positioning on European integration, ideology and policy issues for national parties in a variety of European countries. Waves in 1999, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2019. Country and party coverage has increased over time to include all 277 parties in all 28 EU members plus Norway, Switzerland, and Turkey. Questions on parties' general position on European integration, various EU policies, economic & social left/right orientation, nationalism, immigration, redistribution, decentralization, environmental policy, and more. Trend file provides means of expert ratings for 1999-2019; datasets for individual waves are also available that include disaggregated expert ratings. Data in Stata or .csv. Also includes a 2020 wave applying the same methodology to 112 parties in 12 Latin American countries that can be compared with the 2019 Europe wave.

Using 1,861 party and election experts (invitation only), GPS used 21 core items to estimate key ideological values, issue positions, and populist rhetoric for 1,127 political parties represented in the lower (or single) House of Parliament/Congress in 170 countries. GPS builds off and replicates several questions from CHES. 0-10 point scales capture each party's position on four dimensions: the role of the state and markets in the economy, their position towards social liberalism or conservative moral and cultural values, their position towards democratic and authoritarian governance institutions and norms, and their use of populist rhetoric. A second wave in 2023 is forthcoming. Data in .csv.

PPDB provides data about political parties with dozens of variables covering 1) party resources and events (membership, leadership, finances, etc.), 2) party structures and institutional context (organization, factions, staff, national rules and regulations on finances, membership, etc.), 3) national electoral context (party or national rules on candidate selection, campaigning, etc.), and 4) party decisions (leadership selection, election manifesto adoption, policy referendums, party congresses, etc.). Multiple waves of expert coding since 2010; currently ~300 parties from 52 countries included. Data in .csv.

Covering all EU and most OECD democracies (37 countries), provides information on:

• 1600 parties (party family, placement on various scales: left-right, state-market, liberty-authority, pro-anti EU)
• 950 elections, 8700 results (vote share, seats, and placement on left-right scale)
• 1500 cabinets involving 3700 parties (cabinet and opposition parties in parliament with their seat strength at each instance of government formation, includes cabinet start date, caretaker status, prime minister's party)
Data in .csv.

Codes for the stated policy preferences of ~1400 parties from 1945 until today in over 65 countries on five continents. It provides access to manifesto texts as well as data on party vote shares, and it also provides tools and R/Stata packages to explore and visualize the data as well as the text corpus.

Codes "more than 250,000 press releases published by 68 parties in 9 European countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the UK) from 2010 onward." Uses supervised machine learning to code each press release according to the Comparative Agendas Project schema. Also includes datasets with weekly and monthly counts of issue proportions for longitudinal study. The ML transformer weights are on HuggingFace.

Provides an infrastructure for linking political parties across dozens of major political datasets to harmonize the massive amount of information that has been collected on parties. Stable archived versions available in Dataverse.

Scrapes data from European Parliament sites to provide open data on EU legislative activities. Combines information on legislative dossiers, MEPs, MEP activities (speeches, questions, etc.), plenary and committee amendments and roll call votes, and committee agendas. Data in JSON format, 2004-present.

Provides "an overview of populist, far-left and far-right parties in Europe from 1989 until 2022." Website includes detailed country reports; dataset is hosted on OSF. Provides a static binary for if a party was ever identified as populist/far right/far left/Eurosceptic as well as year indicators for when a party started and/or ceased being classified as such. Uses Party Facts IDs.

Comparative data on parliaments around the world, covering structure, membership (incl. some demographics), and rules of the institution. Data can be visualized or downloaded to .csv. Mostly data from the last decade, but some variables have deeper historical time series. IPU also maintains links to national parliamentary websites.

Covers 180 countries, 1975-2020. Codes 125 variables about executives, governments, and opposition parties such as: 1) tenure and stability of the government, 2) fragmentation of opposition and government parties in the legislature, 3) nationalist, rural, religious, and partisan (left-right) economic orientation of executives and government/opposition parties, 4) date of election, vote share & seat share, electoral rules, checks and balances, and federalism.

Covers 33 mostly European countries on all governments since 1945. Areas covered include: Government formation (e.g., pre-electoral coalitions, support parties, bargaining duration, and other bargaining info); Coalition governance (e.g., coalition agreements, conflict management mechanisms, organization of ministries); and Government termination (e.g., government duration, termination reasons). The original Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) version with just European countries is also available. Data in multiple formats.

Political and institutional variables for 36 OECD and EU countries, including government composition, elections, party systems, openness of the economy, labor and unions, social expenditures and policy. Includes a companion data set on party composition, reshuffles, duration, reason for termination, and the type of government for each of the countries. Provides code for merging with the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and the Comparative Manifesto Project. Data in Stata and Excel.

Cabinet-level data for 29 European democracies in post-WWII Europe. For each country, the archive contains data for all cabinets that have formed after the introduction of the current democratic regime of parliamentary democracy. Codes for cabinet formation and termination, ideological orientation and policy preferences, cabinet structure (seat shares, coalitions, bargaining power, etc.), institutional powers, and more. 1945-2010. Data in Excel and Stata.

Seki-Williams extend the Woldendorp, Keman and Budge government composition data. Variables include government duration (with start and end dates), constitutional interelection period, type of government (majority, coalition, etc.), reason for government termination, party info and seat share, and ideological complexion of government and parliament. Also includes datasets on cabinet ministers and annual government partisanship. Covers about 50 countries, 1945-2014. Data in Stata.

Fielded by the Quality of Government project, the survey measures the structure and behavior of public administration across 122 countries utilizing more than 1000 experts in multiple waves, 2008-2020. Topics include meritocratic recruitment, internal promotion and career stability, salaries, impartiality, New Public Management (NPM) reforms, effectiveness/efficiency, corruption & embezzlement, transparency & control, women in the public sector, replacement of public sector employees, and bureaucratic representation. Data in multiple formats.

Includes all autocratic ruling parties in the world from 1940–2015, covering 279 autocratic ruling party spells (with 262 unique parties). Codes for party origin, how it gained/lost power, time in power, regime type and following regime type, and post-transition fate among others. Data in Excel and Stata.

Contains information for over 67,000 contemporary and historical legislators from 16 (primarily Western and developed) countries. Each country covers legislative sessions back to inception. Leverages Wikipedia and Wikidata through a mostly automated architecture for data collection. Data is in a relational database of 9 linked tables covering core demographics, political and office characteristics, portraits, social media data, Wikipedia traffic and revision history, and IDs to link it to other existing data collections. Data can be accessed via the legislatoR package on CRAN.

Dataset on the individual national legislator biographical characteristics. Covers nearly 20,000 lower or unicameral chamber legislators from 97 electoral democracies with a population over 300,000 during one legislative session in 2015, 2016, or 2017. Variables include legislator’s name, date of birth, gender, political party affiliation at the time of the election, last occupation prior to being first elected to public office, and level of education attained prior to their current term in office as well as country contextual variables and extensive sourcing info. Impressively, there's is very little missingness in the data.

Project to collect biographical information on leaders throughout the world—including members of the executive, the legislature, the judiciary, and other elites whose power is of an informal nature. Covers 162 countries and over 70,000 political leaders across 1,471 political bodies and 2,052 social groups. Codes for 50 variables, including office type, gender, age, education level and location, marital status, occupation, language, and more. Data covers two time periods: 2010-2013 and 2017 to 2019.

"A politically exposed person (PEP) is a person that has been entrusted with a prominent public function. PEPs include elected officials and members of government." OpenSanctions uses them as a starting point for "enhanced public scrutiny." While there is a separate component data set just of the PEPs, in their FAQs, they recommend downloading the entire default data set and filtering so as to not miss important context.

"Assembles individual-level data on legislators serving in national lower house legislatures in 110 democracies and electoral autocracies over time." Individual-level characteristics include legislators’ names, election year, and whether reelected from the previous legislature." Years vary, but range from 1996-2019. About half of cases cover more than two consecutive election periods. Data in R format.

Codes the ideological orientation of chief executives in 33 countries, 1870-2012. Includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a current population of more than one million, plus Australia, Costa Rica, Japan, Mexico, and New Zealand. "Ideology has two dimensions: on the one hand the economic dimension (we distinguish between “left,” “center,” and “right”); on the other hand the religious dimension (we distinguish between heads of government with an explicitly Christian platform and those without an explicitly Christian platform)." An update through 2023 (archived) seems to have been taken down.

Codes information, such as gender, party, portfolio, and role, on cabinet members in July every year in the period 1966-2023 in all countries with a population of more than 400,000 citizens (>58,000 ministers across 177 countries). Includes country and leader codes to aid in merging with other datasets. Data in R or .csv format.

Archigos specifically identifies the effective leaders of each independent state; it codes when and how leaders came into power, their age, and their gender, as well as their personal fate one year after they lost office. Data is in Stata format accompanied by a PDF codebook with detailed case descriptions. (Alternate data link)

Building off the Archigos dataset, LEAD provides information about the personal lives and experiences of over 2,000 state leaders from 1875–2004. Provides details about military experiences, childhood, education, personal and family life, and occupational history before leaders assumed power. The data are available in leader-year, tab-delimited format.

Comparative historical data on foreign ministers’ background and reasons for leaving office in the world’s 13 former and current great powers from 1777-2017. The data covers 1155 regular (non-acting) foreign ministers, as well as partial information on 173 acting foreign ministers, for the following 13 great powers: Austria (the Habsburg Empire/Austria-Hungary), Britain, China (Qing Empire/Republic/People’s Republic of China), France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Prussia/Germany, the Ottoman Empire/Turkey, Russia, Spain, Sweden and the United States.

"The goal of the CHISOLS data is to differentiate leader transitions in which a new leader comes to office who depends on different societal groups for support than her predecessor from leader transitions where both the current leader and her predecessor rely on essentially the same groups for support. The data cover all countries with a population of more than 500,000 between 1919-2008. CHISOLS is available in two formats, one with the state-year as unit of analysis, and one with the leader as unit of analysis." In .csv and Stata formats.

Monthly register published by the CIA listing the names and portfolios of government executives and ministers throughout the world, 2001-present. Older editions are available via HathiTrust with some coverage from most years 1967-2002. Print editions for many years from the same period are also available.

"A collection of biographical and professional information on the individuals who constitute the top elite of authoritarian regimes, generally referred to as the ruling or winning coalition." Covers 18 regimes, generally 1950-2018, though some earlier regimes are included. Variables include gender, occupation, dates of birth and death, tenure among the elite, and more. Data in tab delimited format.

Provides a wide range of biographical information on all top rebel, insurgent, and terrorist leaders who were active in civil wars between 1980 and 2011. Data in .csv and Stata.

Data on all MEPs from 1979 (EP1) to 2024 (EP9). Variables include name, gender, country, EP party group, national party, length of service, prior political experience, and committee membership (only EP9). Data in Excel.

Compiles a wide range of freely available data on the causes, consequences, and nature of good governance and Quality of Government (QoG) - that is, trustworthy, reliable, impartial, uncorrupt, and competent government institutions. Click on "Data downloads" on the left. Because it includes so many different variables, you can download different "flavors" of the dataset, including a simplified "basic" dataset as well as social policy and expert survey datasets.

Aggregate and individual governance indicators for 220 economies over the period 1996-2023, for six dimensions of governance: Voice and Accountability; Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism; Government Effectiveness; Regulatory Quality; Rule of Law; Control of Corruption. Compiled by researchers at the World Bank. Also available through the WB Databank.

Provides datasets to analyze trends in policy-making across time and between countries. It classifies policy activities into a single, consistent coding scheme that uses 20 major topics and 200+ subtopics to code those activities. Covers more than a dozen countries and codes policy content in multiple areas (varies by country--bills, legislation, and parliamentary debate; media headlines; public opinion; budgets; high court opinions; executive speeches).

Expert survey conducted in conjunction with V-Dem to assess the political environment of the internet and social media. Covers topics related to coordinated information operations, both foreign and domestic; digital media freedom; the state's approach to, and capacity for, internet; online media polarization; and social cleavages relating to the internet and social media. Data for 179 countries, 2000-2023; multiple formats.

Index measuring transparency as the disclosure of policy-relevant information by the government to the public, specifically the availability of credible aggregate economic data reported to the World Bank's World Development Indicators. Provides observations for 125+ countries from 1980-2015. Data in Stata and R.

Data measuring "legibility"--or "the breadth and depth of the state’s information about its citizens and their activities"--which is used as a proxy for state capacity. Measured using Myers scores, which gauge the accuracy of age data reported in national population censuses. Covers 131 countries, generally 1960-2015. Also includes subnational scores for most countries. Data in Stata.

Offers numerical data on five institutions and policies that modern states use to collect information about their populations and territories: (1) the regular implementation of a reliable census, (2) the regular release of statistical yearbooks, the operation of (3) civil and (4) population registers, and (5) the establishment of a government agency tasked with processing statistical information. The dataset also includes an overall index of “information capacity” for 85 polities from 1750 to 2015. Data in Stata. [NOTE: available in DEMSCORE]

The index measures the degree of economic freedom present in five major areas: [1] Size of Government; [2] Legal System and Security of Property Rights; [3] Sound Money; [4] Freedom to Trade Internationally; [5] Regulation. In total, the index comprises 42 distinct variables. All variables come from third party sources, such as the International Country Risk Guide, the Global Competitiveness Report, and the World Bank’s Doing Business project. Data can be downloaded to Excel.

"Analyzes and evaluates the quality of democracy, a market economy and political management in 129 developing and transition countries. It measures successes and setbacks on the path toward a democracy based on the rule of law and a socially responsible market economy." Covers 2006-present.

Aims to build a new generation of governance indicators that take seriously the multi-level and multi-actor nature of governance in a globalized world, that are grounded in conceptual models, and that stay close to the governance problems of our times. Indicators vary to match the theme of each annual Governance Report. Data available in csv, Stata, R, and Excel; 2013-2018.

Provides annual state fragility, effectiveness, and legitimacy indices (with eight component indicators) for 167 countries (SPSS and Excel data files). 1995–present.

Additional sources for measuring political and economic risk at the country level (from our International Macroeconomics guide).

Captures the prevalence of different types of bribery in 139 countries based on surveys of more than 135,000 firms. Data can be explored in conjunction with other topics in the surveys. Generally covers 1-2 waves, 2007-present. Data in Excel.

Annual index assessing governance in all 54 African countries. Pulls in data on 100 indicators from 36 sources and standardizes into a single comparative index. Four overarching categories are safety and rule of law, participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunity, and human development. Covers 2000-present. Data can be downloaded in Excel.

Data for the Regional Authority Index (RAI) are in two datasets (region is defined as a jurisdiction between national government and local government):

• one with annual scores for 231 regional governments/tiers in 65 countries for the period 1950-2010
• one aggregating these scores to the country level
• measured on ten dimensions: institutional depth, policy scope, fiscal autonomy, borrowing autonomy, representation, law making, executive control, fiscal control, borrowing control, and constitutional reform
• Data in Excel (at bottom of the page).

Measures underlying political power-sharing and federalism structures and their ability to support credible policy commitments. Covers 180 countries, 1975-2010. Data in multiple formats.

Provides indicators of party strength for 227 regionalist parties competing in regional and national elections in 329 regions of 18 countries, 1944-2010. Data in Excel.

Consists of approximately 450 governance indicators covering three levels of European regions - Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS): NUTS0 (country), NUTS1 (major socio-economic regions) and NUTS2 (basic regions for the application of regional policies). 1990-2015, data in multiple formats.

Utilizes a new typology of territorial self-governance that identifies eight specific types of territorial self-governance on the basis of three criteria: constitutional protection, territorial quality,and strength of self-rule. Covers more than 2,200 second-level regions in 96 Western and non-Western democracies, semi-democracies, and a selection of autocratic regimes between 2000 and 2018. Data in .csv as well as GIS shapefiles.

CShapes maps the borders and capitals of independent states and dependent territories from 1886 to 2019. The dataset can be downloaded in various formats and is also accessible through the CShapes R package. Allows user to compute distances between territories or produce maps at different points in time.

An online, open license resource of boundaries to the second subnational administrative level (ADM0 > ADM1 > ADM2, e.g., national > state/province > county/department). Currently tracks approximately 1 million boundaries within over 200 entities, including all 195 UN member states. All boundaries are available to view or download in common file formats, including shapefiles; the only requirement for use is acknowledgement. Can be downloaded by country or region or via API. Annual versions (back to 2017) available via their archived releases.